IT Ethics and Security Essay

Piracy has always been a concern with technology over the years. Organizations strive hard to analyze the requirement of the hour of computer users and then develop software that can fully ease the problems of a user. The organizations that develop software obviously need to have a return for their attempt. The software developers’ job is a tough one, because they put off their sleep in order to maintain a tempo in the development of software and organizations often find it difficult to meet the exact requirements on ordered software, due to which several revisions are done on the software before it gets into a final product. The software development market is generally divided into two categories, Open Source software and Close Source software. The Open Source software is the one that are free to use, and the organizations or individual developers who develop this software encourage its distribution, usage and at times modifications according to the requirement of the user. The Source code, which has all the development procedures are provided to the user in this category, therefore the modifications become easy when the software gets into the hand of another developer. (Frederick, 2007) These are great for learning purpose and often are used by immature developers to get help in development. The Close Source software are contrastingly different, the users need to buy these software just like any product in the market and often these kind of software get customer support and trainings â€Å"how to†, so that the user gets full value for his money. The close source software is ones, that are stable and they go through different processes before its final launch. The organization that develop these software often register them with their name so that copyrights and license usage law is applied on them. The licensure law ensures the organization that the software bought but a person will be used according to organization’s specified conditions. (Albacea, 2005) In this particular case where the friend is offering to split the cost is a violation of licensure law. Microsoft is a large enterprise and it develops close source software that are copyrighted and licensed according to their terms and conditions. When my friend bought Microsoft Office, in the product pack he had been provided the terms for use of the product, which states that sharing of the product is a violation to the licensure law. Ethically this is very wrong because Microsoft develops the software after several procedures and analyzing the market conditions, and the price $300 for the office suite the charged is based upon cost analysis of one person. The sharing of one-user license is almost equal to as stealing of a product; because the organization is charging for once only from the user but at the same price another user using the same product free of cost. There have been several discussions conducted in small to large enterprises that develop software about piracy and violation of usage licensure. However many steps have been taken to minimize the violation and organizations also offer some package deals where multiple licenses are discounted which saves a lot of cost of user. This ethical violation of licensure law has been minimized to some extend now due to efforts but it also depends upon the inner self of a person to realize the attempt that an organization does in order to develop the software and stealing the software reduced their return which is an ethical issue.

Greek Philosophy Essay

What Is Philosophy? †¢Philosophy : The studies of Greco-Roman thinkers on activities and inquiries. It is also the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct. †¢Philosophy focuses on three main types: †¢Stoicism †¢Skepticism †¢Epicurean †¢Philosophy consists of these philosophical areas: †¢Metaphysics †¢Materialism †¢Idealism †¢Epistemology †¢Empiricism †¢Rationalism †¢Ethics †¢Hedonism †¢Cynicism Three Main Types Stoicism †¢Refers to the knowledge of Aristotle o†Mind is a blank state, impressions are made by the 5 senses. † †¢Stoics deny the metaphysical points of view. oReal objects produce intense feelings. oThe body and soul are pairs that act and react to each other. Skepticism †¢Examines as to what someone should believe- derived from Plato’s schooling †¢Objections on skepticism: oIts commitment to knowledgeable limitation is nonexistent. oIf knowledge is limited and judgment is not expressed, life is presumed unlivable. Epicurean †¢Formulated by Epicurus who believed philosophy was studied to make the soul happy. †¢Happiness created with less wanting of materialistic things and more peace. Philosophical Areas Metaphysics †¢Branch of philosophy accountable for the study of existence. oAnswers â€Å"what is? † †¢The foundation of philosophy oWithout metaphysics, we would not be able to comprehend the world or act accordingly to it. Materialism †¢Refers to the simple focus of the material world. o†Everything in the universe is matter and matters. † †¢The philosophy is held by those who believed that material items are accountable for existence. Idealism †¢Stresses the central ideal and spiritual interpretations of experiences. oThey believe world exists as a spirit †¢Two forms: oMetaphysical idealism oEpistemological idealism Epistemology †¢The investigation of grounds and nature of knowledge of the world. oFocuses on the knowledge of differences between truths and falsehood. †¢Fundamental aspect to how we think. Empiricism †¢Theory of experience as primary source to our knowledge of the world. oLearning through perception. †¢Classical empiricism oRejection of innate, in-born knowledge and concepts †¢Radical empiricism oExplains that all our knowledge is derived from our senses. †¢Moderate empiricism oDescribes the exceptions to general empiristic rules. Rationalism †¢Philosophical movement that introduced mathematical methods to philosophy. oCan be understood through mathematical and logical  principles, not sensory experiences. Ethics †¢Branch of philosophy dealing with what is the proper action for humans. oAnswers â€Å"What do I do? † †¢Requirement for human life, decides course of action. Hedonism †¢Doctrine that states that all pleasure is naturally acceptable- good for the soul. †¢Nothing but pleasure is good. Cynicism †¢Described as a way of life, which consists of asceticism, anti-conformism, and anti-conventionalism. †¢Basis of cynicism is the virtue of well being and a happy life. Philosophers Socrates †¢Possibly the wisest sage of all time †¢Contributions to philosophy: oPithy sayings. oSocratic method of discussion o†Socratic† irony oSocratic method- saying he knows nothing and that unexamined life is not worth living †¢Participated in the military during the Peloponnesian War. oCommitted suicide by ingesting poison hemlock. Plato Fun fact: Plato is not his original name- it’s Aristocles, but was later changed to Plato by his teachers †¢Considered the most important philosopher to have ever lived- father of Idealism. †¢Thought the human soul contained reason, spirit, and appetite. †¢Student and follower of Socrates. †¢Impacted math, science, morals, and political theories with his  Legacy of the Academy schooling. Aristotle †¢Student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great. †¢Wrote on logic, nature, psychology, ethics, politics, and art. †¢Developed deductive reasoning. †¢Basis: Aristotle’s syllogism †¢Church used Aristotle to explain doctrines in the Middle Ages. Concept of â€Å"Prime Element † †¢Thales – Attempted to find naturalistic explanations of the world; identified â€Å"water† as the ultimate principle. †¢Pythagoras – Creator of Pythagorean Theorem; believed â€Å"earth† was what encompassed all beings. †¢Anaximenes – Explained how â€Å"air† was universally present and is the source of all that exists. †¢Heraclitus – Disagreed with aforementioned philosophers and claimed â€Å"fire† was the classical element. †¢Empedocles – Created the cosmogenic theory that composed of the four classical elements: water, earth, fire, and air. Bibliography †¢http://www. philosophybasics. com/movements_rationalism. html †¢http://www. importanceofphilosophy. com/Ethics_Main. html †¢http://philosophy. lander. edu/ethics/hedonism. html †¢http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/philosophy%20? s=t †¢http://ancienthistory. about. com/cs/people/p/aristotle. htm †¢http://ancienthistory. about. com/od/platoprofile/p/Plato. htm †¢http://ancienthistory. about. com/od/socratesbio/p/Socrates. htm †¢http://www. historyforkids. org/learn/greeks/philosophy/ †¢http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/athenians. html †¢http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/greeks. html †¢http://philosophy. gr/ †¢http://philosophy. gr/hellinistic/cynics. htm †¢http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Greek_philosophy,_A ncient †¢http://www. livius. org/gi-gr/greeks/philosophers. html †¢http://www. historyforkids. org/learn/greeks/philosophy/ †¢http://www. historyforkids. org/learn/philosophy/epicureans. htm †¢http://www. iep. utm. edu/stoicmind/ †¢http://www. iep. utm. edu/skepanci/.

Schizophreni A Mental Illness - 1199 Words

Erica Miller Chidubem Ike-Asogwa Professor Crawley PSYCH 201 April 17, 2017 Schizophrenia continues to create new challenges today and continue to be a complicated mental illness. Contrary to the misconception that Schizophrenia is a rare condition, it is not rare at all. ; each person has a risk of developing it within their lifetime. It is most common to psychoses and half of the inpatients in mental facilities are Schizophrenics. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that can happen to anyone occurring in any culture, affecting men and women equally and all areas of functioning, including emotions, perception and behavior. Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that afflicts about 1% of the population at some point in their lifetime.†¦show more content†¦Recently, some researchers have suggested that positive and negative symptoms may be caused by different neural mechanisms. It is important to mention that a reduction in displays of emotion does not necessarily imply that patients have less intense subjective emotional experiences than the average person. In fact, recent findings indicate that blunted emotional expressions can coexist with intense subjective feelings of emotion. According to DSM-IV, patients must show two or more of the preceding five symptoms to meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Thus, no one of these symptoms is required for the diagnosis. Furthermore, the following four criteria must also be met: (1) the patient shows marked deterioration in occupational, interpersonal, or domestic functioning; (2) the patient manifests continuous signs of symptoms or dysfu nction for at least 6 months; (3) the patient does not manifest predominant signs of mood disturbance (e.g., depression or mania); and (4) the symptoms are not caused by substance abuse or a primary medical condition. The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia are relatively broad, with no one essential symptom, there is a great deal of variability among patients in their symptom profiles. It has therefore been proposed that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes. It is also the case, however, that patients must show a marked and persistent impairment to meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Thus,Show MoreRelatedSchizophreni A Mental Illness1426 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental illness that is categorized as an s sever and debilitating illness, it is known to affect at least 1% of the world’s population. (Hirvonen, J., Hietala, J. 2011). Schizophrenia is seen to be a disease with functional abnormalities of different brain structures, for example like the striatum, hippocampus, and pre frontal cortex. ( Hirvonen, J., Hietala, J. 2011). Dopamine is always involved with schizophrenia and it’s known that schizophrenia isn’t caused by geneticsRead MoreSchizophreni An Acute And Critical Mental Illness Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is an acute and critical mental illness that impacts how a person perceives, feels, and acts. Signs of schizophrenia generally begins between adolescence and middle age adulthood. According to Robins, Regier(1991) the manifestation of schizophrenia descends into three brackets cognitive, negative, and positive. The cognitive traits of schizophrenia are feeble, but for others, they are more bleak and patients may notice changes in their memory or other aspects of thinking. NegativeRead MoreSchizophreni The Most Devastating Mental Illness1706 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Evans PSY 2012-02B 07 Nov 2014 Research paper Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is often times referred to as one of the most devastating mental illness. This is because of it early onset in a patients live, and also that the symptoms can be destructive not only to the patient but also their family and friends. Schizophrenia is often discussed as a single illness, but schizophrenia can include a wide array of disorders which can present many similar behavioral symptoms. More than likely schizophreniaRead MoreSchizophreni A Long Term Mental Illness2128 Words   |  9 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a long term mental illness that will affect the way your mind works, changing your behavioural patterns. It affects usually people who are in there late teens to young adults. This is due to the natural changes in teen behaviour that happens to a teen when growing up such as sleep wake cycle, emotions and motivation. These are a normal phase that happens normally to a teen but if the get one more change which is symptoms of psychosis (hallucinations and delusions) thenRead MoreA Polar And Schizophreni Analyzing The Misinformation About Mental Illness1233 Words   |  5 Pages Bi-Polar and Schizophrenia; Analyzing the Misinformation About Mental Illness in the Media and Movies Sarah Jabro Abnormal Psychology 336 October 1st, 2015 Clinical diagnoses of Bipolar disorder, (BP) and schizophrenia (SCH) symptoms that are related to mental illness have increased dramatically within the last several years, and treatment is becoming more specialized. But, unless you study these disorders, or have some degree in psychology, the basis of your knowledge

Analysis of The Practice of Leadership Authored by Jay A Conger and

Essays on Analysis of The Practice of Leadership Authored by Jay A Conger and Ronald E Riggio Book Report/Review ï » ¿Book Report Table of Contents Introduction 2 Selection of the Topic 2 Selection of the Book 3 Summary 4 Primary View 4 Identification of Two Words 5 Linkage 6 Take Away 6 Meeting with the Author 7 Conclusion 9 Reference 10 Bibliography 11 Introduction ‘The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders’ authored by Jay A Conger and Ronald E Riggio has been an immensely successful book in the domain of management with special emphasis on the function of leadership. The book, published from John Willey and Sons in the year of 2007, has considerable influence upon my understanding of the subject. This report deals with the various facets of the book. Selection of the Topic ‘Leadership’ is one of such topics that attract me because of its special attributes. To become a successful manager, one needs to be a good leader. It is my desirousness that I would be a successful manager and can train the subordinates as they also can become successful in their fields and ultimately can successfully achieve the organisational targets and goals. It demands to build a leadership quality in me. I understand that the quality of leadership can not be built up externally as it is an in-born quality but with the changing global scenario one must keep himself updated and should learn the latest techniques which can sharpen the leadership qualities. Self- assessment is the best technique to take decision on any issues related with oneself and I also followed the same. On doing so, I found that I have an inherent quality to organise a group, understand the requirements of the group members and solve their problems. I have identified this quality while work as a team leader in different projects. Therefore, in order to update myself and to become more effective in this respect, I had chosen this interesting topic of leadership. Selection of the Book Being a student and not an expert in the corporate world, I was searching for such a book which would be easy to understand and from where practical experiences can be drawn. Standing at the edge of the corporate world, these practical experiences will help me to understand the requirement of the industry. ‘The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders’ by Jay A Conger and Ronald E Riggio resolves all my queries and fulfils the requirements. After searching few other books, I had found â€Å"The Practice of Leadership† to suit best for accumulating the ideas and practices of leadership from the experts of this field. The entire book had been written in much organised way and an easy format. I would like to share the names of few other books such as â€Å"Leadership Power Plays† and â€Å"Leadership without Easy Answers† as I considered these books too for the purpose of selection. But I found that both these books were unable to cover the every small issue of leadership development that the selected book has done with practical exposures. Another most important issue of choosing this book has been that apart from describing the traditional factors of leadership such as task, capabilities of leader, the authors also provided great emphasise to describe the requirements of leadership as the unique demand of the present world. Summary This book has been organised in four parts. The four parts include leadership development and selection, task and capabilities of leaders, leadership of organisation and leadership requirement of the unique demands of today’s world. The book shows that all the leaders can not be equally effective and they would not possess similar skills. It indicates that leadership is the process of determining one’s hidden talent and utilise it to face the organisational challenges. According to the authors, the focus of the organisation should be on the core competence rather than various competencies and should try to build up the leaders who will able to meet the strategic challenges and the process is expected to produce the future leaders too. Primary View According to me, the book is not directly about the planning, organising, staffing, coordinating, motivating, leading, or controlling but in few of the areas, the book provides emphasis on the selection of the leaders which can be linked with the staffing. Even developing the leadership skill also requires proper planning. The portion of the task of the leader can also be summarised as organising a group and then motivating them to reach at their goal along with co-ordinating and controlling the subordinates through out the process. Therefore, it can be said that the book indirectly and secondarily focuses on these factors but not in very specific sense. Identification of Two Words One of the two words is that of ‘Affirmative Action’. It refers to a hiring policy. It required analysing the entire workforce with respect to the protected classes. This protected class can be the minorities also. This action indicates the preferred treatment to these classes through removing the discriminatory employment practice (Infinity Internet. No Date). The sentence can be as follows: ‘Every organisation should implement affirmative action to fulfil the commitment towards the internal customer as well as the community also’. Another word is ‘Tapestry’. The word implies an outward appearance of textile art, woven on a vertical appearance. The sentences using this word can be the following: â€Å"In earlier days, kings use to send the tapestries by rolling it up to their intimate ones’ †. Linkage In the book, ‘The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders’, one human resource tool had been described to analyse the selection of the leaders namely the ‘360 Degree Feed Back Process’. It is also used for performance appraisal. 360 Degree Feedback Process means the feedback for selecting leaders should be taken from each and every stakeholders of the company irrespective of upward or down word communication. This tool is very effective in this manner as the leader should be the one who will be accepted by all the subordinates and the employers. This topic is also discussed in the class room even various journals on this topic has also been referred. Take Away The three most prominent ‘take-aways’ from ‘The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders’ by Conger and Riggio have been the following: Take Away I: I believed that leaders are inborn and not much formal guidance is needed to sharpen their skills but after reading the book, I recognised that there is a need of leadership development. In born qualities are not enough for it. The corporate leaders or the executives need to change their self according to the changing environment to meet the strategic challenge. Take Away II: I never know that a leader could be selected through the 360 Degree Feed Back Process. I had a perception that leaders always come to frontline by exhibiting their leadership quality in their day-to-day activities and get recognised accordingly. The concept of taking feedback through the questionnaires completely changed my notion in this regard. Take Away III: I did not possess any idea regarding the partnership of coaching and the ‘Go It Alone’ process. The book helped me to understand that the executive, the organisation and the coach are three partners and all of them are responsible for the improvements of the executives and that of the entire organisation. Meeting with the Author The authors stated that any organisation should focus on the core competency and should strive to produce leaders to meet the strategic challenges. I could not totally agree with the authors in this regard. I presume the leadership development process should focus more on selecting the best person at the beginning of the process as they can focus on producing the future leaders among the subordinates and provide them training to identify the strategic challenges and take preventive actions against all shortcomings. If I could meet the authors personally, I would have surely sought their clarification in this regard. Conclusion Despite the above mentioned dis-agreement with the authors, it should be acknowledged that the book ‘The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders’ has been a great help for me to understand the various domains and segments of leadership and I am sure it would help me in my corporate exposure by considerable extent. Reference Infinity Internet. No Date. Affirmative Action. Glossary of Leadership Definitions. [Online] Available at: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leaddef.html [Accessed June 29, 2010]. Bibliography Conger, J. A. Riggio, R. E. The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders. John Wiley and Sons, 2007. .

Nursing Ethics Essay - 838 Words

Nurses support and enable individuals, families and groups to maintain, restore or improve their health status. Nurse also care for and comfort when deterioration of health has become irreversible. A traditional ideal of nursing is caring and nurturing of human beings regardless of race, religion, status, age, gender, diagnosis, or any other grounds. Nursing care is based on the development of a helping relationship and the implementation and evaluation of therapeutic processes. Therapeutic process includes health promotion, education, counseling, nursing interventions and empowerment of individuals, families or groups. It helps individuals make choices in regards to their health care. Nurses are independent moral†¦show more content†¦Such factors may affect the degree to which nurses are able to fulfill their moral obligations and/or the number and type of ethical dilemmas they may face. A code of ethics focuses on the morals and ideals of the profession and provides a work ing framework for nursing practice. Nurses can use the code of ethics as a guide for direction and resolution of ethical dilemmas. It is not intended to cover all the aspects nurse should consider, but can be used as an aid in further consideration of ethical concerns in nursing. I have created a code of ethics to: a. Identify the fundamental moral commitments of the profession. b. Provide nurses with a basis for professional and self reflection and a guide to ethical practices. c. Indicate to the community the values which nurses hold. Code of Ethics 1. Nurses will respect individual needs, values, and culture in the provision of nursing care. Nursing care for any individual should not be compromised because of ethnicity, gender, spiritual values, disability, age, economic, social or health status, or any other grounds. Respect for an individual’s needs includes recognition of the individual’s place in a family and the community. For this reason, others should be included in the individual’s care. Respect for an individual’s needs, beliefs and values includes culturally sensitive care, and the needShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Nursing Ethics1540 Words   |  7 Pagesand respirators are terms typically appalling and scary to society. In the nursing profession, it is often that nurses will deal with these two appalling terms. A case involving these two terms has been analyzed in regards to nursing ethics. Nursing ethics involves several different complex ideas and with the aid of the four way method one is able to analyze and make a decision in regards to controversial and difficult nursing situations. The four way method helped analyze a fourteen year old boys,Read MoreNursing ethics2164 Words   |  9 PagesFor the purpose of this assignment, ethics in relation to nursing will be discussed. Ethics; A code of principles governing correct behaviour, which in the nursing profession includes behaviour towards patients and their families, visitorsand colleagues (Oxford Dictionary of Nursing 2004). This assignment will consider autonomy as identified in a practice placement, but will also look briefly at the ethical principle of non-malefience that is relevant in this assignment. It will also closely lookRead MoreThe Nursing Code Of Ethics895 Words   |  4 Pagescareers have a specific code and level of ethics which are incorporated into the daily responsibilities one is expected to perform in their chosen field. For the basis of this paper, I have chosen to write about the nursing code of ethics. Nursing has a professional code along with the level/employee behavior usually being currently attainable, which means that the behavior expected is normally exhibited by individuals. (Manias 508). However, although nursing seems to require behavior that is â€Å"normally†Read MoreNursing Ethics and Values1885 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis As a registered nurse practicing in the state of California I am responsible for practicing within my states legal regulations and nursing scope of practice. My concern for the welfare of the sick and injured allows me to practice ethical provisions of nursing. These are required if I am to carry out competent and effective nursing care. Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health in the care ofRead MoreEssay on Ethics in Nursing1587 Words   |  7 Pages Health amp; Healing 2 Scholarly Assignment Nurses are to provide compassionate, competent, and ethical care, and follow the moral principles and guidelines set out by the College of Nurses and the Canadian Nurse’s Association’s code of ethics. The nursing profession is a self-sacrificing one, and nurses take on the Nightingale Pledge, to elevate the standard of their practice and dedicate themselves to those committed in their care (Keatings amp; Smith, 2010, p. 64) However unfavourable workingRead MoreCode of Ethics - Nursing1478 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral norms which nurses are expected to adhere to and embrace. In a nursing profession, daily decisions have real impact on other people’s lives. The responsibility of such decisions creates the need for nurses to have knowledge and skills that enable them to not only provide physical and psychological care, but also to critique and reflect on the standard of health care practices. For the nurses to do this, they must understand ethics and ways in which t o utilize this knowledge in a constructive andRead MoreCodes of Ethics in Nursing3690 Words   |  15 PagesCODE OF ETHICS IN NURSING * The fundamental responsibility of the nurse is fourfold: to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health and to alleviate suffering. * The need for nursing is universal. Inherent in nursing is respect for life, dignity and the rights of man. It is unrestricted by consideration of nationality, race, creed, color, age sex, politics, or social status. * Nurses render health services to the individual, the family and the community and coordinate theirRead MoreThe Nursing Ethics Of Advocacy919 Words   |  4 Pagesmoral dilemma, a competent nurse incorporates ethical, bioethical and legal considerations. In the proposed story, incorporating the nursing ethics of advocacy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and collaboration will guide the nurse towards an appropriate and legal course of action. Primary Ethical Principle: Advocacy Advocacy is a fundamental responsibility in nursing because patients are inherently vulnerable (Creasia Friberg, 2011). The scenario presented is challenging because, although the nurseRead MoreReviewing The Ethics Of Nursing1711 Words   |  7 Pages Reviewing the Ethics of Nursing In this paper I will explore an ethical dilemma that may arise within my nursing practice. I have presented a narrative, from the article â€Å"A Dilemma in the Emergency Room†, that portrays an ethical situation involving patient confidentiality. I will focus on Standard IV: Ethical Practice of the College of Registered Nurses of British (CRNBC) as well as the other (CRNBC) Standards of Practice to further evolve my understanding of ethics from what I have learntRead MoreNursing Ethics and Malpractice3247 Words   |  13 Pagesof the professional competencies for nursing states that nurses should integrate knowledge of ethical and legal aspects of health care and professional values into nursing practice. It is important to know what types of dilemmas nurses may face during their careers and how they may have been dealt with in the past. It is also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how they may protect themselves from a malpractice suit. LAW VS. ETHICS It is important to first understand

Sales Management for Supply or Demand - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSales Management for Supply or Demand. Answer: Sales budget and sales forecast are very important for sales and control of the management. The sales forecast will help the company to know about their expected sales in the specific time frame. The sales forecast will help in adjusting supply or demand for companys products. The overstocking or under stocking problems can easily be avoided by good control over inventory using sales forecasts (Johnston and Marshall, 2016). The facilitation of sales can easily be reallocated or allocated using sales forecast. This also helps in determining required raw materials, financial needs, labour, transport facility or plant layout according to sales volume. This also helps in measuring the sales department or personnels efficiency. The sales forecast also helps the company in forming efficient budget for the company. The idle time is also reduced in manufacturing using the sales forecast. Further, the sales budget also helps in forming sales programming which can help the company to achieve target for the sales. The resources can be easily allocated to products that will help in efficient forecasting of the sales. All the expenses for the company can easily be under controlled using the sales budget which can help in achieving the target related to net profits (Kotler et al, 2015). The sales performance as well as progress can easily be evaluated using the sales budget. The sales budget will also help the company in analysing the areas or products where the company is lacking and help in strengthening the position of the company. There are basically two types of sales forecasting which can help in sales control that is short term and long term. Short term forecasting is mainly done for period of three or six months and one year. This also depends on the type of business operations of the company. Long term forecasting is mainly done for period of five, ten or twenty years and also depends on type of business of the company (Bogsnes, 2016). Top-down and bottom-up are the two methodologies by which forecasting can be done. Economic conditions, consumers, industrial behaviour, changes inside the company, or periods are some factors which can affect the sales forecast. Further, budget for sales is mainly of three types that is sales budget, sales expense budget and administrative or profit budget. Sales budget planned in detailed manner in order to show expected sales based on revenues for future period. It is most significant part for master budget of the companies. Sales expense budget is planned budget which give expenses incurs by the department of sales for achieving the sales target. This budget includes salaries, commissions, entertainment expenses, training costs and travelling expenses (Hawkins, 2015). Administrative budget helps in allocating the budget for all the general expenses related to the administration of the companies. In some cases, when both selling expenses and sales budget are combined together in sales control form the profit budgets for the companies. Return oriented method, affordability methods, objective or task methods, percentage sales method or competitive parity are some methods of forming efficient sales budget for the companies. References: Bogsnes, B. (2016) Implementing beyond budgeting: unlocking the performance potential.USA: John Wiley Sons. Hawkins, A. (2015) Managing budgets pocketbook.UK: Management Pocketbooks. Johnston, M. and Marshall, G. (2016) Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. UK: Routledge. Kotler, P., Keller, K., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A. (2015) Marketing management (Vol. 14). NJ: Prentice Hall.

My aim in this experiment is to extract a copper from an ore Essay Example Essay Example

My aim in this experiment is to extract a copper from an ore Essay Example Paper My aim in this experiment is to extract a copper from an ore Essay Introduction In the earth that we are living right now, copper is the earth’s 25th most abundant element, but also one of the less common first row transition metals. It occurs as a soft reddish metal that can be found native as large boulders weighing several hundred tons or as sulphide ores.An ore is a rock containing minerals in adequate concentration, amounts, and value to be mined at a profit. The definition of this ore changes as knowledge improves, today’s ore being yesterday’s valueless pile of rock.I will now carry out an assessment to try change copper sulphate from malachite, which then can be converted in to copper.Metal + oxygen ; metal oxideApparatus and equipments: Safety glasses 10g of copper carbonate scales Measuring cylinder 250cm3 beaker Glass rod 1m sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Funnel Bunsen burner Tripod Gauze Evaporating basin Filter paper Watch glassMethod:Making copper sulphate from a malachite.Malachite is an ore of copper. In this task you will convert ma lachite to copper sulphate.1. Measure out about 50 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid using a measuring cylinder. Pour the dilute sulphuric acid into a 250 cm3 beaker2. Weigh out about 10 g of malachite. Write down the exact mass on Form 2.3. Add a small amount of the malachite to the dilute sulphuric acid. Add the malachite very slowly.4. The mixture will fizz as the malachite reacts with the dilute sulphuric acid. Stir the mixture with a glass rod until all signs of reaction have stopped.5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the mixture no longer fizzes when you add malachite to the dilute sulphuric acid.6. Filter the solution into a clean evaporating basin. While this is filtering, weigh what remains of the malachite. Write down this mass on Form 2.7. Place the evaporating basin on wire gauze on a tripod.8. Heat the solution very gently using a low Bunsen burner flame until crystals begin to form on the surface of the liquid. If the liquid goes green add drops of dilute sulphuric acid until it goes blue.9. Stop heating. Allow the solution to cool. When the solution is cool, move the basin to a warm place. This will complete the crystallization of the copper sulphate. This may take a few days!10. After a few days, pour any liquid from the copper sulphate crystals and transfer them to a dry evaporating basin of watch-glass.11. Allow the copper sulphate crystals to dry for at least 24 hours.12. Weigh the copper sulphate crystals. Write down the mass on Form 2.13. Store the copper sulphate crystals in a stoppered container. Label the container with your name and the name of the contents.Extracting copper from copper sulphate crystals1. Measure out about 50 cm3 of distilled water using a measuring cylinder. Pour the distilled water into a 250 cm3 beaker.2. Weigh out about 5 g of the copper sulphate crystals you made in Task write down the exact mass on Form 3.3. Add the copper sulphate crystals to the distilled water. Stir the mixture with a glass rod until all the copper sul phate dissolved. The solution should now be coloured blue.4. Weigh out about 2 g of zinc filings of zinc powder.5. Add the zinc to the copper sulphate solution. Stir the mixture. You will see solid copper forming.6. After 5 minutes, allow the solid to settle. Then pour off as much of the colourless liquid as you can without losing the solid.7. Carefully add about 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid. This will dissolve any unused zinc.8. When the mixture no longer fizzes, filter off the copper and wash it with distilled water.9. Now allow the copper you have produced. Write down the mass on Form 3. Store the copper in a stoppered container. Label the container with your name and the name of the contents.Risk assessmentMaterialHazardWhat could go wrong?Safety precautionsWhat to do in case of accidentRisk:/medium/highDilute sulphuric acid (1 mol dm-3)Very corrosiveMay burn youWear eye protection and gloves.Drink 2 glasses of water and wash your mouthLowDilute hydrochloric acid (2 mol dm -3)CorrosiveMay cause you burnsWear eye protection and gloves.Wash out the mouth and drink 2 glass of water. Seek medical attentionVery lowMalachite (powdered)HarmfulYou could swallow it. Irritate lungs and eyeWear eye protection and wear a lad coat.Wash out mouth and drink 2 a glass of water. Seek medical attention.Very lowCopper sulphateHarmfulYou may get it on you skin, you may getWear eye protection; wear a lab coat and gloves.Vomit it out, wash out your mouth, drink two glasses of water and seek medical attention.LowZinc filingsFlammableYou could swallow it. It could spill on your skin and get in your eye.Wear eye protection.Flood the eye with gently running tap water for 10 minutes.LowProcedureTransferring liquidsNo hazardIt could slip and get on your skinWear glovesWash your hand with cold water and seek medical attentionLowHeating solutionsIt could be very hotIt could slip and get on your skinWear glovesWash your hand with cold water and seekLowFiltrationSpiltIt could get on your skinWear gloves and lab coatTake of your lab coat. Wash your handLowDisposing of used solutionsNo hazardIt could drop on you.Wear lab coatTake of your lab coatLowResultsCalculating the yield of copper sulphate crystalsEach mole of malachite, CuCo3.Cu (OH)2 produces two moles of copper sulphate 2 CuSO4.5H2O.From this, I can now calculate the relative mass of malachite:AtomRelative massNumber of atoms presentTotal massCu642128C12112O16580H122Relative mass = 222gmol-1The formula for copper sulphate is CuSO4.5H2OAtomRelative massNumber of atoms presentTotal massCu64164C12132O169144H11010Relative mass = 250gmol-1Calculating the yield of copper sulphate by carrying out this calculation:Theoretical yield of2 x 250 x 6.4Copper sulphate = 2202 x 250 x 6.4= 22= 14.54gCalculate your percentage yield:Mass of copper sulphate producedPercentage yield = x 100Theoretical yield10.3= x 10014.41= 71.48%Today’s Uses of CopperCopper is a critical component of modern industry. In the United States, the most important use of copper is in electrical wiring. A breakdown below gives the percentage of copper used in the United States by industry:Building Wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16%Plumbing Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14%Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11%Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9%Air Conditioning Commercial Refrigeration. . . . . . .8%Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7%Factory Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6%Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6%Appliances Extension Cords . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3%Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20%TOTAL———————————————– 100%Copper sheets are used in cooking utensils and in roofs. Copper tubes are used to make pipes for plumbing and carrying natural ga s. Copper wire is used to carry electric current. Extruded copper, that is, copper that has been squeezed through a hole, forms rods, hinges, tubes, and door handles.The use of copper is increasing. In the 1970s, a 1,500 square-foot house used about 280 pounds of copper. Today, a 2,200 square-foot house uses about 450 pounds of copper.A car in the 1970s used about 35 pounds of copper. Now, 50 to 80 pounds of copper will go into one automobile.A Boeing 727 airplane uses 9,000 pounds of copper.Where Copper Is Mined?The following countries are the world’s major producers of copper(amount produced is 1995 output, given in tons, from the 1995 Mineral Commodity Summary)Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,350,000United States of America. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,890,000Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740,000Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600,000Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380,000Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420,000Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,000China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,000Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,000Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340,000Kazakstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220,000Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,000Zaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,000Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600,000WORLD TOTAL————————————- 9,800,000Conclusions: In the experiment that we done, we used chemicals to extract copper from malachite. We found out that what is contained within the malachite is the element copper and that also zinc displaces copper from the sulphate ion.Cu SO4 (clear blue) + Zn ; Zn (clear colourless) SO4 + CuEvaluation: The parts of the experiment that went well were the weighing and sca ling the dilute sulphuric acid and malachite. The difficult part in the experiment was when i had to pour the malachite into the sulphuric acid so I don’t have any left at the bottom and when heat the solution very gently using a Bunsen burner flame until the crystals begin to form on the surface and if the liquid goes green I had to try and make it blue. I could have repeat out results which might change the colour of our copper. The thing that affected our results was putting too much of the malachite into the sulphuric acid and I will stop this from happening next time by stopping when it turns blue.I don’t know of any other equipment that would have repeated my result. What I have done here is very little compare to the industrial place. They use machines to make it which would come out better. The similarities in the experiment would be that we both we will be making copper and using the same equipment e.g. malachite, sulphuric acid etc but the differences will be that they use a machine to make the copper in the industrial process but I would be using my hand in school. My aim in this experiment is to extract a copper from an ore Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!